Circuit complexity in <i>U</i>(1) gauge theory

In this paper, we study circuit complexity for a free vector field of [Formula: see text] gauge theory in Coulomb gauge, and Gaussian states. We introduce quantum model with states, including reference target Using Nielsen’s geometric approach, the then can be found as shortest geodesic space This is based on notion distance Lie group Bogoliubov transformations equipped right-invariant metric. use framework covariance matrix to compute between apply general dimensions where ground state Hamiltonian.